How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers.
Footnote or endnote markers, usually a sequential series of numbers either in brackets or slightly above the line of writing or printing (superscript), are placed at the appropriate point in the text. This is normally where you would insert the author and date if you were using the 'author, date' system described above.
Write the report, adding footnote numbers to the ends of sentences that use citations. List the citation for each footnote in the report in a separate file, or at the end of the document you are writing. Use the superscript number at the beginning of the citation, followed by the citation in the correct footnote format.
To insert the cross-reference as. Do this. Regular text. On the Insert reference to list, click Footnote number. Superscript text. On the Insert reference to list, click Footnote number (formatted). In the For which footnote box, click the note that you want to refer to. Click Insert, and then click Close.
You can use a brief description in your footnotes and then use the entire Harvard reference in your bibliography, but remember that in a Word document, when checking your word count, the number that appears in brackets next to the quote constitutes for the word count in your footnotes, which you may be able to leave out in the final count.
Footnotes may be displayed in one of two ways: Listed at the bottom of the relevant page Assembled altogether on a new page, following the References page(s) If the footnotes are compiled on a separate page, the title “Footnotes” should be centered at the top of the page.
Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. For example, say you want to add an interesting comment to a sentence you have written, but the comment is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph. In this case, you could add the symbol for a footnote.
Footnotes may also appear on their own page after the References page in your document. Center and bold the word “Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent one tab (or five spaces) on the first line of each footnote. Put a space between the footnote number and the footnote itself. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double space.
To type a Footnote citation, the same superscript number is put at the beginning of the Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs. When mentioning a work for the first time, a full and complete Footnote or Endnote entry must be made.
Footnotes and Endnotes. In the MHRA system, references to sources used in your work are set out in full in notes, either at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the piece of work (endnotes). In a book-length piece, you should start a new series of notes (i.e. start numbering from 1) with each chapter.
Using the Oxford system, citations in the text usually consist of a superscript number which relates to a footnote at the bottom of the page. If you write full bibliographic information in the footnote, you may not have to include a bibliography. However, it’s well worth checking with your tutor beforehand.
Footnotes can be found on the bottom of the same page as the original quote to which it is referring, or at the end of the paper or book entirely, after the page of References. Entire citations are not necessary in footnotes; instead, the footnote should merely refer to the name of the publication and date as listed on the reference page.
It is economical to write, as the same material is not duplicated in a footnote and the bibliography. Many find that when reading books or articles referenced using the Harvard system the flow of their reading is less interrupted, as their attention is not constantly diverted from the text to footnotes or endnotes.
The footnotes shown below are for illustrative purposes only, and may not represent citations in a format stipulated by the latest version of the OSCOLA referencing standard. Note: references in footnotes end with a full-stop, references in bibliographies do not. Example taken from: Ron Harris, 'The.
